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Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a climate resilient crop, but grain yield is a complex trait highly effect by excessive vegetative growth. To overcome problem, study was carried out to evaluate the effect of foliar application of sunflower leaf extract as a plant growth retardant of quinoa observe with different nitrogen (N2) levels. Experiment was carried out in randomize complete block design. Main experimental unit included different levels of nitrogen (N1= 50 kg ha-1, N2= 75 kg ha-1 and N3=100 kg ha-1), and sub plots included control (without extract spray and water spray) and sunflower water extract foliar applications of different four concentrations (3%, 6%, 9%, 12%). Foliar application of sunflower leaf water extract and nitrogen application significantly enhanced yield and harvest index of quinoa crop. Maximum seed yield and harvest index was recorded by foliar application of sunflower water extract at 9% under higher dose of nitrogen 100 kg ha-1.There was no harmful impact seen of sunflower water extract on seed quality attributes especially under higher nitrogen regimes. It is therefore concluded that foliar application of sunflower water extract at 9% under higher nitrogen regime improved physiological growth, yield, harvest index and seed quality attributes of quinoa.

https://doi.org/10.52587/JAF060101

Fusarium wilt of peas, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi, is a destructive disease affecting pea crops globally. This paper examines the pathogen’s biology, epidemiology, and transmission mechanisms, focusing on how soil-dwelling insects, human activities, machinery, water, wind, and animals contribute to disease spread. It also explores recent disease management strategies, such as developing resistant pea varieties, crop rotation, and soil health practices. The importance of integrated disease management, combining cultural, biological, and chemical approaches, is emphasized as a means to reduce Fusarium wilt's impact. This review aims to synthesize current research and provide practical insights for researchers, agronomists, and farmers working to control the disease and ensure sustainable pea production.

https://doi.org/10.52587/JAF060102