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Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a climate resilient crop, but grain yield is a complex trait highly effect by excessive vegetative growth. To overcome problem, study was carried out to evaluate the effect of foliar application of sunflower leaf extract as a plant growth retardant of quinoa observe with different nitrogen (N2) levels. Experiment was carried out in randomize complete block design. Main experimental unit included different levels of nitrogen (N1= 50 kg ha-1, N2= 75 kg ha-1 and N3=100 kg ha-1), and sub plots included control (without extract spray and water spray) and sunflower water extract foliar applications of different four concentrations (3%, 6%, 9%, 12%). Foliar application of sunflower leaf water extract and nitrogen application significantly enhanced yield and harvest index of quinoa crop. Maximum seed yield and harvest index was recorded by foliar application of sunflower water extract at 9% under higher dose of nitrogen 100 kg ha-1.There was no harmful impact seen of sunflower water extract on seed quality attributes especially under higher nitrogen regimes. It is therefore concluded that foliar application of sunflower water extract at 9% under higher nitrogen regime improved physiological growth, yield, harvest index and seed quality attributes of quinoa.

https://doi.org/10.52587/JAF060101

Fusarium wilt of peas, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi, is a destructive disease affecting pea crops globally. This paper examines the pathogen’s biology, epidemiology, and transmission mechanisms, focusing on how soil-dwelling insects, human activities, machinery, water, wind, and animals contribute to disease spread. It also explores recent disease management strategies, such as developing resistant pea varieties, crop rotation, and soil health practices. The importance of integrated disease management, combining cultural, biological, and chemical approaches, is emphasized as a means to reduce Fusarium wilt's impact. This review aims to synthesize current research and provide practical insights for researchers, agronomists, and farmers working to control the disease and ensure sustainable pea production.

https://doi.org/10.52587/JAF060102

This study compares the effectiveness of traditional and precision spraying methods for disease control in sesame crops. The conventional method, involving manual pesticide application, is inefficient and leads to higher pesticide use, environmental impact, and labor costs. In contrast, precision spraying, which utilizes advanced technologies like GPS, sensors, and automated systems, offers more targeted pesticide application. This method improves disease control efficiency, reduces pesticide waste, minimizes environmental pollution, and lowers production costs. The study evaluated disease control, pesticide usage, labor requirements, and crop yield. Results indicate that precision spraying provides better disease control, reduced pesticide use, and enhanced labor efficiency. It also supports more sustainable agricultural practices. The findings suggest that precision spraying is a more effective, eco-friendly alternative to traditional methods in sesame crop management.

https://doi.org/10.52587/JAF060103

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is susceptible to various diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses, with fungal pathogens being the most destructive. One of the most destructive pathogens is Fusarium oxysporum, a soil-borne fungus responsible for causing wilt in okra and other vegetables. In Pakistan, okra wilt is widely distributed and poses a significant threat to crop production. Both chemical and non-chemical control strategies have been explored to manage this disease. Morphological and microscopic examination of the isolated fungus revealed the colony characteristics of typical F. oxysporum, including white, cottony, circular colonies and the presence of macroconidia. In vitro experiments were conducted using three fungicides, e.g., Topsin-M, Mutagen, and Carbendazim, to assess their efficacy against F. oxysporum. Trichoderma spp. was employed as a biocontrol agent, offering a promising eco-friendly alternative for disease management and demonstrating the ability to suppress the pathogen effectively. It is further recommended that optimal concentrations of the tested fungicides be determined to enhance their practical application and minimize environmental impact.

https://doi.org/10.52587/JAF060106